|
   |
|
REVIEW ARTICLE |
|
|
|
| Year : 2010 | Volume
: 31
| Issue : 2 | Page : 75-80 |
| |
Quality of life in HIV/AIDS
KH Basavaraj, MA Navya, R Rashmi
Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, JSS Medical College, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| Date of Web Publication | 7-Jan-2011 |
Correspondence Address:
K H Basavaraj
Banu, A-27, K-block, Adichunchanagiri Road, Kuvempunagar, Mysore - 570 023, Karnataka
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0253-7184.74971
 Abstract | | |
Given the longevity achievable with current prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for persons with HIV infection, quality of life (QOL) has emerged as a significant medical outcome measure, and its enhancement has an important goal. This review highlights the relevance and complexity of physical, psychological, and social factors as determinants of health-related quality of life in HIV-infected persons. Existing data suggest that physical manifestations, antiretroviral therapy, psychological well-being, social support systems, coping strategies, spiritual well-being, and psychiatric comorbidities are important predictors of QOL in this population. Consequently, the impact of HIV infection on the dimensions of QOL, including physical and emotional well-being, social support systems, and life roles, has emerged as a key issue for persons infected with HIV.
Keywords: AIDS, antiretroviral therapy, anxiety, coping, depression, HIV, psychosocial, quality of life, social support
How to cite this article:
Basavaraj K H, Navya M A, Rashmi R. Quality of life in HIV/AIDS. Indian J Sex Transm Dis 2010;31:75-80 |
| Introduction | |  |
Quality of life (QOL) is a term that is popularly used to convey an overall sense of well-being and includes aspects such as happiness and satisfaction with life as a whole. World Health Organization has defined QOL as "individuals' perceptions of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, standards, expectations and concerns." [1] With the recent advances in clinical tests and treatments for those suffering from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the survival of these patients has been increased and their QOL has become an important focus for researchers and healthcare providers. [2] Since the discovery of HIV at in beginning of the 1980s, HIV/AIDS has been one of the greatest health problems in the world. [3] HIV/AIDS places an increasing burden on the health of the population, and causes further socioeconomic problems for individuals, families, communities, and governments in many countries.[4],[5] HIV is increasingly considered a chronic disease. For a person living with HIV, this means having to cope with a range of HIV-related symptoms for extended periods. Symptoms may be related to the infection itself, comorbid illnesses, or iatrogenic effects from HIV-related medications. [6],[7] Many of the HIV patients struggle with numerous social problems such as stigma, poverty, depression, substance abuse, and cultural beliefs which can affect their QOL not only from the physical health aspect, but also from mental and social health point of view and cause numerous problems in useful activities and interests of the patients. [8] Assessing health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is useful for documenting the patients' perceived burden of chronic disease, tracking changes in health over time, assessing the effects of treatment and quantifying the return on health care investment. [9] This article reviews recent findings concerning the different aspects of QOL in HIV patients.
Several factors associated with better QOL among HIV-infected patients have been reported in the international literature, and mainly, the impact of HIV on QOL falls under four major domains [Figure 1]. Sociodemographic characteristics such as male gender [10] younger age, [11] higher socioeconomic status, [12] and employment [12] have been associated with improvement in QOL. Other variables such as lower HIV viral load, [13] greater CD4+ cell count, [11],[13],[14] fewer or less bothersome HIV symptoms, [15] and higher levels of hemoglobin [16] have been shown to be important clinical/immunological indicators of better QOL. In addition, patients with no difficulty in taking medications, [11] those using regimens with a lower number of pills, [11] and those more adherent to antiretroviral therapy (ART) [10],[12],[13] tend to have improved QOL following the start of treatment.
Many people living with HIV/AIDS find it challenging to attend to daily tasks of living, participate in moderate to vigorous physical activities, or have sufficient energy or vitality to engage in an active social life while managing HIV/AIDS. Fatigue or low energy has been associated with both physical and psychological morbidity [17] and poor QOL [18] in persons with HIV/AIDS. In addition, fatigue and a CD4 T-cell count less than 500 are associated with physical limitations and disability.[19] Among HIV - positive patients, disease progression is related to decreasing energy and increasing difficulties with daily activities and pain. [20]
HIV/AIDS coping by disengagement or avoidance was associated with greater health-related stress. [21] In addition, poor social functioning may be associated with greater use of avoidance coping strategies such as withdrawal and conflictual social interactions. Social isolation and conflictual social interactions have been shown to increase stress, resulting in poorer overall social functioning. [22] People living with HIV/AIDS who increase their use of avoidance coping strategies such as behavioral disengagement and self-distraction as well as their use of alcohol and drugs may have poorer physical and social functioning. [23] HIV-infected individuals with a history of injected drug use, especially those with more severe drug problems, report health-related QOL. [24] Complex role functioning (i.e., career, housework, and educational pursuits) has been shown to be even more limited than physical functioning in people with HIV/AIDS, [25] suggesting that coping by avoidance may directly reduce an individual's productivity.
Impact of antiretroviral therapy
The development of combined ART has shifted the perception of HIV/AIDS from a fatal to a chronic and potentially manageable disease. ART is capable of improving survival, reducing the occurrence of HIV-related opportunistic infections, and improving the patients' QOL. [26]
Impact of psychosocial factors
The impact of social, psychological, and spiritual factors on QOL in HIV infection has been well recognized. [27],[28] Stressful events and social support were related to HIV-1 disease progression to AIDS. [29] Research on the psychosocial aspects of HIV-positive status shows that living with HIV is associated with a large measure of stress and depression. [30]
Social support
Social support for patients with HIV/AIDS has shown a strong potential to influence HRQOL. The three major components of social support are emotional, tangible, and informational support.[31] Distinction among the different types of social support is relevant, since their functions may not be necessarily interchangeable. Emotionally sustaining function of social support, which serves to fulfill and gratify one's need for nurturance, belonging, and alliance, is well recognized to buffer stress in non-HIV settings. At least two studies have reported that emotionally sustaining support was considered more desirable and was more often used than other forms of support. [32]
Coping
Coping is another variable influencing QOL. Pearlin and School have defined coping as the cognitive and behavioral effort made to tolerate, reduce, or master demands that challenge or exceed a person's resources. Individuals who confronted stress with problem-solving and behavior-modifying approaches had a significantly better QOL than those not using such coping skills. [22] It has been proposed that education and behaviorally oriented interventions that enhance problem solving and active decision making are likely to be more beneficial than emotionally supportive interventions that encourage passive acceptance of the illness. Coping by denial (avoidance) was associated with a significantly lower QOL in a previous study. Although denial has been shown to be an effective coping method in non-HIV settings, the preponderance of studies in HIV settings has suggested otherwise. [22] Denial has been shown to correlate with low self-esteem and depression in HIV patients. Indeed, coping by denial may be an expression of helplessness, anger, or depression, and these patients may, in fact, be in need of psychological intervention. [22]
Spirituality
Spirituality is an important contributor to feelings of well-being. Spirituality among HIV-infected individuals was perceived as a bridge between hopelessness and meaningfulness in life. [33] Creating meaning and purpose in life more than religious experiences was found to correlate with psychological well-being in a large sample of African American men and women with HIV/AIDS. [29]
Depression
Comorbid psychiatric illnesses, including depression, are common in HIV-infected patients.[34] The prevalence of depression in HIV-infected clinic populations has ranged from 22% to 38%. [34],[35] Younger age, unemployment, lack of health insurance, low CD4+ cell counts, HIV-related symptoms, not having a partner, poor quality of social support, and use of noninjection drugs were significant predictors of depression in one study.[36] Patients with HIV infection who are older than 35 years are more likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, confusion, and fatigue. Insomnia, pain, and emotional control correlated with depression.[37] Physical limitations may also contribute to depression; after controlling for disease stage, physical symptoms, and CD4 cell counts, the degree of physical limitation in one study predicted depression. [38]
The impact of psychiatric comorbidities, specifically depression, on the HRQOL of patients with HIV disease has been well documented. [39],[40],[41],[42] The presence of a major psychiatric disorder (independent of HIV-related disease progression) was associated with a negative impact on HRQOL dimensions of mental health, social functioning, and general health perceptions but not on physical health, role functioning, or pain. [41] A larger study showed that patients with comorbid mood disorders had significantly worse functioning and well-being than those without mood disorders. [41]
Treatment of depression in patients with HIV disease may not prolong life but can lower the risk of suicide and improve QOL, both directly and through increased adherence to complex medical regimens. [43]
HIV and unemployment
As people with HIV/AIDS adjust to living with a chronic illness, many new challenges emerge; among them are issues of occupational functioning and employment. [44] For working individuals, employment provides not only financial benefits but may also be a source of structure, social support, role identity, and meaning. [12]
Adults with HIV infection and AIDS often struggle with vocational dilemmas. Unlike acute medical conditions in which patients may return to predisease levels of functioning after treatment, patients with HIV infection must frequently adapt to an unpredictable illness course. [45] Even when physical health is stable, fear and uncertainty about how HIV disease will affect economic, occupational, and healthcare security complicate vocational decision making. [45] While some leave the workforce and receive disability benefits, others remain employed to varying degrees. Those who do work often find their occupational functioning limited by HIV-specific factors such as episodic illness, fatigue, physical and cognitive limitations, medication schedules and side effects, and frequent medical appointments. [12]
Previous research has demonstrated that unemployed individuals generally report more depression, anxiety, social isolation, and low self-esteem than employed individuals. [46] In the HIV/AIDS literature, studies that have incorporated employment as a variable of interest have yielded similar findings. Kelly et al.[34] found that unemployment was one of several factors associated with suicidal ideation in HIV-seropositive patients. In a study of psychosocial vulnerability in HIV-seropositive gay men, Dickey et al. [45] reported that younger men who lacked full-time employment were at greater risk for psychiatric symptoms and syndromal depression. Finally, Swindells et al. [12] found that employment was one of several factors associated with improved QOL.
Suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and HIV infection
Suicide, attempted suicide, and suicidal ideation are complex clinical issues associated with life-threatening conditions such as HIV infection. Suicide in persons with HIV infection/AIDS has been reported in most cases to be associated with a concomitant psychiatric disorder. [46] The risk of suicide may extend to those fearful of contracting HIV infection [40] as well as the family and partners of those infected. [41] Elevated lifetime rates of affective disorders (particularly major depression) and substance use disorders have been reported in studies of HIV-positive men. [32] Furthermore, certain patterns of behavior associated with the risk of acquiring HIV infection (e.g., injection drug use) may be associated with higher levels of suicidal ideation and psychiatric disorders.
Patterns of attempted suicide and suicidal thoughts may differ throughout the progression of HIV infection. There are at least two high-risk periods: (1) the initial 6 months after diagnosis of infection with HIV and (2) the onset of physical complications of AIDS. The period of greater risk may be the first 3 months.
| Conclusion | | |
Quality of life is a multidimensional concept whose definition and assessment remains controversial. HIV/AIDS represents a high economic impact from society point of view.
Overall self-perception of QOL has been shown to be a useful screening item for assessing global QOL. QOL relates both to adequacy of the material circumstances and to personal feelings about these circumstances. As health is generally cited as one of the most important determinants of overall QOL, it has been suggested that QOL may be uniquely affected by specific disease process such as AIDS. There is lack of clarity in defining QOL and concomitant operational difficulties in it but still there is urgency in evaluating the QOL in HIV-infected individuals. Future studies should encompass the evaluation of more determinants of QOL in HIV/AIDS. The constellations of HIV-related symptoms negatively affect the QOL for people living with HIV infection. Effective management of symptoms is important for improving QOL and potentially for maintaining a complicated daily regimen of ART. As HIV disease is among the most devastating of illnesses, having multiple and profound effects upon all aspects of life, hence the evaluation of QOL is very important. Although research has suggested relationships among various psychosocial and spiritual factors, symptomatology, and physical health, much more research is still needed to document their potential influences on immune function, as well as health status, disease progression, and QOL among persons with HIV disease. It is also important to underline the role of consultation-liaison psychiatry in the diagnosis and treatment of HIV and AIDS. Stress management interventions for HIV-infected persons are a promising approach to facilitate positive adjustment. Additional research is needed to further evaluate the role of routine QOL assessment in patients who have HIV/AIDS.
| References | | |
| 1. | Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. The WHOQOL Group. Psychol Med. 1998;28:551-8. 
|
| 2. | Clayson DJ, Wild DJ, Quarterman P, Duprat-Lomon I, Kubin M, Coons SJ. A comparative review of health related quality of life measures for use in HIV/AIDS clinical trials. Pharmacoeconomics. 2006;24:751-65.
|
| 3. | Fauci AS. The AIDS Epidemic: Considerations for the 21st Century. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1046-50.
|
| 4. | Walker N, Grassly NC, Garnett GP, Stanecki KA, Ghys PD. Estimating the global burden of HIV/AIDS: What do we really know about the HIV pandemic? Lancet 2004;363:2180-5.
|
| 5. | Beck EJ, Miners AH, Tolley K. The cost of HIV treatment and care: A global review. Pharmacoeconomics 2001;19:13-39.
|
| 6. | Halloran J. Increasing survival with HIV: Impact on nursing care. AACN Clin Issues 2006;17:8-17.
|
| 7. | Kassutto S, Maghsoudi K, Johnston MN, Robbins GK, Burgett NC, Sax PE, et al. Longitudinal analysis of clinical markers following antiretroviral therapy initiated during acute or early HIV Type I infection. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:1024-31.
|
| 8. | Aranda-Naranjo B. Quality of life in HIV-positive patient. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2004;15:20-7.
|
| 9. | Hays RD, Cunningham WE, Sherbourne CD, Wilson IB, Wu AW, Cleary PD, et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United States: Results from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study. Am J Med 2000;108:714-22.
|
| 10. | Mannheimer SB, Matts J, Telzak E, Chesney M, Child C, Wu AW, et al. Quality of life in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy is related to adherence. AIDS Care 2005;17:10-22.
|
| 11. | Ruiz Perez I, Rodriguez Baρo J, Lopez Ruz MA, del Arco Jimenez A, Causse Prados M, Pasquau Liaρo J, et al. Health-related quality of life of patients with HIV: Impact of sociodemographic, clinical and psychosocial factors. Qual Life Res 2005;14:1301-10.
|
| 12. | Swindells S, Mohr J, Justis JC, Berman S, Squier C, Wagener MM, et al. Quality of life in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: Impact of social support, coping style and hopelessness. Int J STD AIDS 1999;10:383-91.
|
| 13. | Ruiz-Pιrez I, Olry de Labry-Lima A, Lσpez-Ruz MA, del Arco-Jimιnez A, Rodrνguez-Baρo J, Causse-Prados M, et al. Clinical status, adherence to HAART and quality of life in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral treatment. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2005;23:581-5.
|
| 14. | Jia H, Uphold CR, Wu S, Chen GJ, Duncan PW. Predictors of changes in health-related quality of life among men with HIV infection in the HAART era. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2005;19:395-405.
|
| 15. | Murdaugh C, Moneyham L, Jackson K, Phillips K, Tavakoli A. Predictors of quality of life in HIV-infected rural women: Psychometric test of the chronic illness quality of life ladder. Qual Life Res 2006;15:777-89.
|
| 16. | Semba RD, Martin BK, Kempen JH, Thorne JE, Wu AW, Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group. The impact of anemia on energy and physical functioning in individuals with AIDS. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:2229-36.
|
| 17. | Breitbart W, McDonald MV, Rosenfeld B, Monkman ND, Passik S. Fatigue in ambulatory AIDS patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 1998;15:159-67.
|
| 18. | Zinkernagel C, Ledergerber B, Battegay M, Cone RW, Vernazza P, Hirschel B, Quality of life in asymptomatic patients with early HIV infection initiating antiretroviral therapy: Swiss HIV Cohort Study. AIDS 1999;13:1587-9.
|
| 19. | Ferrando S, Evans S, Goggin K, Sewell M, Fishman B, Rabkin J. Fatigue in HIV illness: Relationship to depression, physical limitations, and disability. Psychosom Med 1998;60:759-64.
|
| 20. | Sarna L, van Servellen G, Padilla G, Brecht ML. Quality of life in women with symptomatic HIV/AIDS. J Adv Nurs 1999;30:597-605.
|
| 21. | Schmitz MF, Crystal S. Social relations, coping, and psychological distress among persons with HIV/AIDS. J Appl Soc Psychol 2000;30:665-83.
|
| 22. | Fleishman JA, Sherbourne CD, Crystal S, Collins RL, Marshall GN, Kelly M, et al. Coping, conflictual social interactions, social support, and mood among HIV - infected persons. Am J Community Psychol 2000;28:421-53.
|
| 23. | Moneyham L, Hennessy M, Sowell R, Demi A, Seals B, Mizuno Y. The effectiveness of coping strategies used by HIV-seropositive women. Res Nurs Health 1998;21:351-62.
|
| 24. | Carretero MD, Burgess AP, Soler P, Soler M, Catalαn J. Reliability and validity of an HIV-specific health-related quality - of - life measure for use with injecting drug users. AIDS 1996;10:1699-705.
|
| 25. | Crystal S, Fleishman JA, Hays RD, Shapiro MF, Bozzette SA. Physical and role functioning among persons with HIV: Results from a nationally representative survey. Med Care 2000;38:1210-23.
|
| 26. | Marins JR, Jamal LF, Chen SY, Barros MB, Hudes ES, Barbosa AA, et al. Dramatic improvement in survival among adult Brazilian AIDS patients. AIDS 2003;17:1675-82.
|
| 27. | Sowell RL, Seals BF, Moneyham L, Demi A, Cohen L, Brake S. Quality of life in HIV-infected women in the southeastern United States. AIDS Care 1997;9:501-12.
|
| 28. | Murdaugh C. Quality of life in HIV-infected women in the southeastern United States. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 1998;9:59-71.
|
| 29. | Coleman CL, Holzemer WL. Spirituality, psychological well-being, and HIV symptoms for African Americans living with HIV disease. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 1999; 10:42-50.
|
| 30. | Hays RB, Turner H, Coates TJ. Social support, AIDS-related symptoms, and depression among gay men. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1992; 60:463-9.
|
| 31. | Leserman J, Perkins DO, Evans DL. Coping with the threat of AIDS: The role of social support. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:1514-20.
|
| 32. | Koopman C, Stone L, Ski DK. Emotional control, pain, sleep and depression among HIV-positive persons. Program and abstracts of the 12th World AIDS Conference; June 28-July 3. Geneva: 1998; Abstract 60558.
|
| 33. | Holmes WC, Bix B, Meritz M, Turner J, Hutelmyer C. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and quality of life: The potential impact of Axis I psychiatric disorders in a sample of 95 HIV seropositive men. Psychosom Med 1997;59:187-92.
|
| 34. | Kelly B, Raphael B, Judd F, Perdices M, Kernutt G, Burnett P, et al. Suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and HIV infection. Psychosomatics 1998;39:405-15.
|
| 35. | Wagener GC, Rabkin JG, Rabkin R. A comparative analysis of standard and alternative antidepressants in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus patients. Compr Psychiatry 1996; 37:402-8.
|
| 36. | Bogart LM, Catz SL, Kelly JA. Psychosocial issues in the era of new AIDS treatments from the perspective of persons living with HIV. J Health Psychol 2000;5:500-16.
|
| 37. | Hoffman MA. HIV disease and work: Effect on the individual, workplace, and interpersonal contexts. J Vocat Behav 1997;51:163-201.
|
| 38. | McReynolds CJ. Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) disease: Shifting focus toward the chronic long-term illness paradigm for rehabilitation practitioners. J Vocat Rehabil 1998;10:231-40.
|
| 39. | Voelker R. Protease inhibitors bring new social, clinical uncertainties to HIV care. JAMA 1997;277:1182-4.
|
| 40. | Selwyn PA, Arnold R. From fate to tragedy: The changing meaning of life, death, and AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:899-902.
|
| 41. | Bettinger M. Regaining lost abilities: The prospect of returning to work. Focus 1997;12:1-4.
|
| 42. | Yallop S. The impact of health improvements for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) on returning to work. 12th World AIDS Conference, Geneva, June 18-July 3, 1998.
|
| 43. | Banks MH. Psychological effects of prolonged unemployment: Relevance to models of work re-entry following injury. J Occup Rehabil 1995;5:37-53.
|
| 44. | Lyketsos CG, Hoover DR, Guccione M, Dew MA, Wesch JE, Bing EG, Changes in depressive symptoms as AIDS develops. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:1430-7.
|
| 45. | Dickey WC, Dew MA, Becker JT, Kingsley L. Combined effects of HIV - infection status and psychosocial vulnerability on mental health in homosexual men. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1999;34:4-11.
|
| 46. | Aro AR, Jallinoja PT, Henrikson MM, Lφnnqvist JK. Fear of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and fear of other illness in suicide. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994;90:65-9.
|
[Figure 1]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Strategies of Managing Repeated Measures: Using Synthetic Random Forest to Predict HIV Viral Suppression Status Among Hospitalized Persons with HIV |
|
| Jingxin Liu, Yue Pan, Mindy C. Nelson, Lauren K. Gooden, Lisa R. Metsch, Allan E. Rodriguez, Susan Tross, Carlos del Rio, Raul N. Mandler, Daniel J. Feaster | | AIDS and Behavior. 2023; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Examining the Relationship Between HIV-Related Stigma and the Health and Wellbeing of Children and Adolescents Living with HIV: A Systematic Review |
|
| Abbie Robinson, Aoife Cooney, Catherine Fassbender, David P McGovern | | AIDS and Behavior. 2023; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
How is Aging Perceived to Affect Well-being in Women Older than 50 Years Living With HIV? A Qualitative Systematic Review |
|
| Rebecca Conway, Michael Evangeli | | Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2023; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Beyond Viral Suppression—The Impact of Cumulative Violence on Health-Related Quality of Life Among a Cohort of Virally Suppressed Patients |
|
| Rachel M. Harris, Casey D. Xavier Hall, Jon C. Mills, Brian W. Pence, Jessica Bgneris, Frankie Y. Wong | | JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2023; 92(1): 59 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Adherence to anti-retroviral therapy, decisional conflicts, and health-related quality of life among treatment-naïve individuals living with HIV: a DEARS-J observational study |
|
| Yusuke Sekine, Takashi Kawaguchi, Yusuke Kunimoto, Junichi Masuda, Ayako Numata, Atsushi Hirano, Hiroki Yagura, Masashi Ishihara, Shinichi Hikasa, Mariko Tsukiji, Tempei Miyaji, Takuhiro Yamaguchi, Ei Kinai, Kagehiro Amano | | Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences. 2023; 9(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Improving the Quality of Life of People Living with HIV/AIDS: A Cross-Sectional Study of the Role of Religion |
|
| KU Amadi, JI Odinka, K Obiechina, C Ofoefuna, U Chukwu, CM Aguocha | | Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice. 2023; 26(5): 574 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Exploring the Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies on the Quality of Life of HIV Patients |
|
| Rabia Javed Bhatti, Samar Fahd, Saif ur Rehman | | Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences. 2023; : 248 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Study of the severity of depression and quality of life in adults with HIV/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome at antiretroviral therapy center in western Maharashtra |
|
| RajkiranA Salunkhe, PawanV Khot, Krutika Ainapur, VishalGanpati Patil | | Annals of Indian Psychiatry. 2022; 6(4): 349 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Health literacy, financial insecurity and health outcomes among people living with HIV in Australia |
|
| Jennifer Power, Toby Lea, G J Melendez-Torres, Anthony Lyons, Thomas Norman, Adam O Hill, Adam Bourne | | Health Promotion International. 2022; 37(6) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
An exploration of the quality of life of people living with HIV in Greece: Challenges and opportunities |
|
| Nikolaos Vrontaras, Katerina Myrvali, Dimitrios Kyrou, Simeon Metallidis, Olga Tsachouridou, Maria Chini, Maria Meliou, Mina Psichogiou, Dimitrios Basoulis, Anastasia Antoniadou, Konstantinos Protopapas, Periklis Panagopoulos, Vasilis Petrakis, Charalambos Gogos, Lydia Leonidou, Christina Karamanidou, M. Faadiel Essop | | PLOS ONE. 2022; 17(4): e0266962 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Quality of life, social support, coping strategies, and their association with psychological morbidity among people living with HIV |
|
| Naresh Nebhinani, Surendra Mattoo, Ajay Wanchu | | Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice. 2022; 0: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Quality of life and its predictors among clients visiting antiretroviral therapy clinics in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |
|
| Tariku Shimels, Gelila Bogale, Rodas Asrat Kassu, Teferi Gedif | | African Journal of AIDS Research. 2022; 21(1): 15 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Burden of Mental Illness among Primary HIV Discharges: A Retrospective Analysis of Inpatient Data |
|
| Robert M. Avina, Jim E. Banta, Ronald Mataya, Benjamin J. Becerra, Monideepa B. Becerra | | Healthcare. 2022; 10(5): 804 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
The Effects of Exercise on Acute Immune Responses in Relative Leisure-Deprived People Living with HIV/AIDS: A Pilot Study |
|
| Xin-Min Qin, Ji-Young Park, Bo-Ram Kim, Chang-Hwa Joo | | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13): 8155 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
Emotional Maturity and Self-Perception Among Adolescents Living With HIV—Need for Life-Skills Intervention |
|
| Sahen Gupta, N. T. Sudhesh | | Illness, Crisis & Loss. 2022; 30(2): 157 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
The perceived impact of an HIV cure by people living with HIV and key populations vulnerable to HIV in the Netherlands: A qualitative study |
|
| Kim A.G.J. Romijnders, Laura de Groot, Sigrid Vervoort, Maartje Basten, Berend van Welzen, Mirjam E. Kretzschmar, Peter Reiss, Udi Davidovich, Ganna Rozhnova | | Journal of Virus Eradication. 2022; : 100066 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
A search for potential anti-HIV phytoconstituents from the natural product repository |
|
| Dharmraj V. Pathak, Sneha R. Sagar, Hardik G. Bhatt, Paresh K. Patel | | Advances in Traditional Medicine. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
Longitudinal analysis of the determinants of life expectancy and healthy life expectancy: A causal approach |
|
| Rohan Aanegola, Shinpei Nakamura-Sakai, Navin Kumar | | Healthcare Analytics. 2022; : 100028 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Estimating the effect of increasing dispensing intervals on retention in care for people with HIV in Haiti |
|
| Canada Parrish, Anirban Basu, Paul Fishman, Jean Baptiste Koama, Ermane Robin, Kesner Francois, Jean Guy Honoré, Joëlle Deas Van Onacker, Nancy Puttkammer | | EClinicalMedicine. 2021; 38: 101039 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
The peer support on quality of life in people with HIV/AIDS |
|
| Suharno Usman, Kusrini S. Kadar | | Enfermería Clínica. 2021; 31: S730 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Health-related quality of life and associated factors in HIV-positive transplant candidates and recipients from a HIV-positive donor |
|
| Claire Juliet Martin, Elmi Muller, Demetre Labadarios, Frederick Johannes Veldman, Susanna Maria Kassier | | Quality of Life Research. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
The association between HIV disclosure to family members and quality of life among people living with HIV/AIDS: The indirect effects through social support |
|
| Tianyue Mi, Guangyu Zhou, Xiaoming Li, Shan Qiao, Xueying Yang, Zhiyong Shen, Yuejiao Zhou | | Current Psychology. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Shared Decision Making Between Patients and Healthcare Providers and its Association with Favorable Health Outcomes Among People Living with HIV |
|
| Chinyere Okoli, Garry Brough, Brent Allan, Erika Castellanos, Benjamin Young, Anton Eremin, Giulio Maria Corbelli, Marta Mc Britton, Marvelous Muchenje, Nicolas Van de Velde, Patricia de los Rios | | AIDS and Behavior. 2021; 25(5): 1384 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Factors affecting health-related quality of life of HIV-infected key population in Myanmar |
|
| Thiri Naing, Montarat Thavorncharoensap, Arthorn Riewpaiboon, Htun Nyunt Oo, Myo Set Aung | | AIDS Care. 2021; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Preventive Behaviors and Mental Health-Related Symptoms Among Immunocompromised Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of the COVID Impact Survey |
|
| Jessica Yasmine Islam, Denise Christina Vidot, Amoghvarsha Havanur, Marlene Camacho-Rivera | | AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 2021; 37(4): 304 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Decreased Docosahexaenoic Acid Levels in Serum of HIV Carrier Patients |
|
| Guilherme Godoy, Marina Masetto Antunes, Maria Angélica Raffaini Covas Pereira da Silva, Ingrid de Lima Fernandes, Jesuí Vergílio Visentainer, Jeane Eliete Laguila Visentainer, Rui Curi, Roberto Barbosa Bazotte | | Journal of Medicinal Food. 2021; 24(6): 670 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
The Perceived Impact of an HIV Cure by People Living With HIV and Key Populations Vulnerable to HIV in the Netherlands: A Qualitative Study |
|
| Kim Romijnders, Laura de Groot, Sigrid C.J.M. Vervoort, Maartje Basten, Berend van Welzen, Mirjam E. Kretzschmar, Peter Reiss, Udi Davidovich, Ganna Rozhnova | | SSRN Electronic Journal. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
Quantifying unmet treatment needs among people living with HIV in Australia and other countries |
|
| Brent Allan, Fraser Drummond, Ann Maccarrone, Benjamin Young, Chinyere Okoli | | Population Medicine. 2021; 3(October): 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 29 |
Determinants of the quality of life amongst HIV clinic attendees in Malang, Indonesia |
|
| Sri Sunaringsih Ika Wardojo, Ya-Li Huang, Kun-Yang Chuang | | BMC Public Health. 2021; 21(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 30 |
Health-related quality of life and associated factors among people living with human immunodeficiency virus on highly active antiretroviral therapy in North East Ethiopia: Cross-sectional study |
|
| Solomon Ahmed Mohammed, Minilu Girma Yitafr, Birhanu Demeke Workneh, Abel Demerew Hailu, Markos Tesfaye | | PLOS ONE. 2021; 16(3): e0247777 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 31 |
The Relationships Between Early Maladaptive Schemas, Quality of Life and Self-care Behaviors in a Sample of Persons Living with HIV: The Potential Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies |
|
| SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Mehrzad MohsseniPour, Elahe Aghaei, Fariba Zarani, Jalil Fathabadi, Mona Mohammadifirouzeh . | | The Open AIDS Journal. 2020; 14(1): 100 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 32 |
Editing of the TRIM5 Gene Decreases the Permissiveness of Human T Lymphocytic Cells to HIV-1 |
|
| Kevin Désaulniers, Levine Ortiz, Caroline Dufour, Alix Claudel, Mélodie B. Plourde, Natacha Merindol, Lionel Berthoux | | Viruses. 2020; 13(1): 24 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 33 |
Arrhythmia in people living with HIV/AIDS |
|
| Shailesh Singh, Katyayni Singh | | Nigerian Journal of Cardiology. 2020; 17(1): 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 34 |
Magnitude and predictors of common mental disorder among people with HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
|
| Zelalem Belayneh, Birhanie Mekuriaw, Tsegaye Mehare, Seid Shumye, Mekonnen Tsehay | | BMC Public Health. 2020; 20(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 35 |
Health beliefs and barriers related to HIV prevention and screening among students of the University of Vlora: a cross-sectional study |
|
| Rezarta Lalo, Gjergji Theodhosi, Alberta Breshanaj | | BMC Public Health. 2020; 20(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 36 |
Evaluating emtricitabine + rilpivirine + tenofovir alafenamide in combination for the treatment of HIV-infection |
|
| Ying Mu, Michelle Pham, Anthony T. Podany, Theodore J. Cory | | Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2020; 21(4): 389 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 37 |
Toxic Stress and Quality of Life in Early School-Aged Ugandan Children With and Without Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection |
|
| Amara E. Ezeamama, Sarah K. Zalwango, Robert Tuke, Ricki Lauren Pad, Michael J. Boivin, Philippa M. Musoke, Bruno Giordani, Alla Sikorskii | | New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development. 2020; 2020(171): 15 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 38 |
Health-Related Quality of Life Among Admitted HIV/AIDS Patients in Selected Ethiopian Tertiary Care Settings: A Cross-Sectional Study |
|
| Getandale Zeleke Negera, Teshale Ayele Mega | | The Open Public Health Journal. 2019; 12(1): 532 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 39 |
A STUDY ON ASSOCIATION OF DEPRESSION WITH SOCIAL SUPPORT AND QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG WOMEN LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS IN SOUTH INDIA |
|
| Shivanand Basayya Hiremath, Mahesh Desai | | Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare. 2018; 5(11): 1007 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 40 |
A study of neuropsychological profile of human immunodeficiency virus-positive children and adolescents on antiretroviral therapy |
|
| VasantmeghnaS Murthy, AjitaS Nayak, MinalK Joshi, Kaneenica Ninawe | | Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2018; 60(1): 114 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 41 |
INTEGRATING THE ROLES OF STAKEHOLDERS IN PREVENTING THE HIV/AIDS TRANSMISSION IN EAST JAVA, INDONESIA |
|
| Toetik Koesbardiati, Sri Endah Kinasih, Siti Mas’udah | | Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease. 2017; 6(5): 124 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 42 |
Current diagnostic methods for HIV |
|
| Ahmad Tavakoli, Mohammad Hadi Karbalaie Niya, Mohsen Keshavarz, Hadi Ghaffari, Amir Asoodeh, Seyed Hamidreza Monavari, Hossein Keyvani | | Future Virology. 2017; 12(3): 141 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 43 |
HIV-1 Tat biosensor: Current development and trends for early detection strategies |
|
| M.F. Fatin, A.R. Ruslinda, M.K. Md Arshad, K.K. Tee, R.M. Ayub, U. Hashim, A. Kamarulzaman, Subash C.B. Gopinath | | Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2016; 78: 358 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 44 |
HIV-infected People in Sudan Moving Toward Chronic Poverty: Possible Interventions |
|
| Salwa Muddthir Ismail, Ammar Abobakre Eisa, Faisal Ibrahim | | Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2016; 27(1): 30 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 45 |
Socioeconomic disadvantage increasing risk for depression among recently diagnosed HIV patients in an urban area in Brazil: cross-sectional study |
|
| Silmara Harumi Nomoto,Renata Marrona Praça Longhi,Bruna Paes de Barros,Julio Croda,Edward Benjamin Ziff,Elisabete Castelon Konkiewitz | | AIDS Care. 2015; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 46 |
A Quantitative Study of Factors Influencing Quality of Life in Rural Mexican Women Diagnosed With HIV |
|
| Carol Holtz,Richard Sowell,Lewis VanBrackle,Gabriela Velasquez,Virginia Hernandez-Alonso | | Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2014; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 47 |
Patient-Reported Quality of Life During Antiretroviral Therapy in a Nigerian Hospital |
|
| Azuka C. Oparah,Jeffrey S. Soni,Herbert I. Arinze,Ifeanyi E. Chiazor | | Value in Health Regional Issues. 2013; 2(2): 254 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 48 |
A multi-dimensional assessment of quality of life among attendees of a West African HIV clinic and its use in tracking outcome |
|
| Andrew T. Olagunju,Olasimbo A. Ogundipe,Tinuke O. Olagunju,Joseph D. Adeyemi | | HIV & AIDS Review. 2013; 12(3): 63 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 49 |
Is bipolar disorder a risk factor for HIV infection? |
|
| C.M.F. Ribeiro,W.S. Gurgel,J.R.G. Luna,K.J.N. Matos,F.G.M. Souza | | Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013; 146(1): 66 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 50 |
Is bipolar disorder a risk factor for HIV infection? |
|
| Ribeiro, C.M.F. and Gurgel, W.S. and Luna, J.R.G. and Matos, K.J.N. and Souza, F.G.M. | | Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013; 146(1): 66-70 | | [Pubmed] | | | 51 |
Gender differences in health related quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy |
|
| Vigneshwaran, E. and Padmanabhareddy, Y. and Devanna, N. and Alvarez-Uria, G. | | North American Journal of Medical Sciences. 2013; 5(2): 102-107 | | [Pubmed] | | | 52 |
Association between stigma, depression and quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in South India - A community based cross sectional study |
|
| Charles, B. and Jeyaseelan, L. and Pandian, A.K. and Sam, A.E. and Thenmozhi, M. and Jayaseelan, V. | | BMC Public Health. 2012; 12(1) | | [Pubmed] | | | 53 |
Infections and inequalities: Anemia in AIDS, the disadvantages of poverty |
|
| Gonzalez, L., Seley, C., Martorano, J., Isabella, I.G., Troncoso, A. | | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2012; 2(6): 485-488 | | [Pubmed] | | | 54 |
Infections and inequalities: anemia in AIDS, the disadvantages of poverty |
|
| Lucia Gonzalez,Celeste Seley,Julieta Martorano,Garcia-Moreno Isabella,Alcides Troncoso | | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2012; 2(6): 485 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 55 |
Association between stigma, depression and quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in South India – a community based cross sectional study |
|
| Bimal Charles,Lakshmanan Jeyaseelan,Arvind Pandian,Asirvatham Sam,Mani Thenmozhi,Visalakshi Jayaseelan | | BMC Public Health. 2012; 12(1): 463 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 56 |
Health related quality of life among the people living with HIV |
|
| Imam, M.H., Karim, M.R., Ferdous, C., Akhter, S. | | Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin. 2011; 37(1): 1-6 | | [Pubmed] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
