|
   |
|
ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
|
|
| Year : 2020 | Volume
: 41
| Issue : 1 | Page : 39-42 |
| |
What are the most common sexually transmitted bacteria in women with cervico-vaginitis nowadays?
Elie Nkwabong
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University Teaching Hospital, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| Date of Submission | 23-Sep-2016 |
| Date of Acceptance | 03-Dec-2019 |
| Date of Web Publication | 18-Jun-2020 |
Correspondence Address:
Prof. Elie Nkwabong
P.O. Box 1364 Yaounde
Cameroon
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/ijstd.IJSTD_143_15
 Abstract | | |
Introduction: Cervico-vaginitis is usually the initial infection which, when undiagnosed, can evolve to salpingitis with tubal infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain as consequences. This study aimed at identifying the sociodemographic profile and clinical presentation of women diagnosed with cervico-vaginitis, as well as the microorganisms isolated. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out between October 1, 2013, and March 31, 2014. Women diagnosed with cervico-vaginitis were recruited. The main variables recorded were maternal age, occupation, marital status, number of sexual partners, clinical presentation, and microorganisms identified. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Results: The mean maternal age was 25.5 ± 5.6 years. Students were more represented (41.1%), 66% were single, and 69.6% had ≥2 sexual partners. The most frequent symptom was abnormal vaginal discharge (100%). The most frequent microorganisms isolated were genital tract mycoplasmas (67.9%) and Chlamydia trachomatis (55.3%). Discussion: Acute cervico-vaginitis is common among young, single women with multiple sexual partners. Genital tract mycoplasmas were the commonest germs isolated followed by Chlamydia trachomatis. Conclusion: Cervico-vaginitis is very common in our setting. Screening for genital tract mycoplasmas should be the first to be requested to women with cervico-vaginitis.
Keywords: Acute cervico-vaginitis, clinical presentation, microorganisms isolated, patients' sociodemographic profile
How to cite this article:
Nkwabong E. What are the most common sexually transmitted bacteria in women with cervico-vaginitis nowadays?. Indian J Sex Transm Dis 2020;41:39-42 |
How to cite this URL:
Nkwabong E. What are the most common sexually transmitted bacteria in women with cervico-vaginitis nowadays?. Indian J Sex Transm Dis [serial online] 2020 [cited 2021 Jan 22];41:39-42. Available from: https://www.ijstd.org/text.asp?2020/41/1/39/287003 |
| Introduction | |  |
Cervicitis may be associated with vaginitis.[1],[2] The prevalence of cervico-vaginitis worldwide is not well known due to the scarcity of literature on the topic.[3] Hospital-based studies showed a prevalence of 23% and 24.9% in some countries.[4]
Cervico-vaginitis can be due to bacterial, viral, parasitic, or fungal infection.[1],[5],[6],[7],[8] Cervico-vaginitis may be symptomatic or subclinical.[9],[10] Risk factors for cervico-vaginitis are multiple sexual partners, single status, and lower socioeconomic status.[3],[11] Cervico-vaginitis can evolve toward salpingitis with tubal damage.[12]
Aims and objectives
- To identify the sociodemographic profile of women having cervico-vaginitis
- To identify the microorganisms and the most common one responsible.
| Materials and Methods | | |
This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted between October 1, 2013, and March 31, 2014. All women with cervico-vaginitis, whose clinical diagnosis was based on the presence of abnormal vaginal discharge or postcoital bleeding associated or not with dyspareunia, inflammation of cervix on speculum examination, were recruited. A cervico-vaginal swab was done and was immediately sent to the bacteriology department. In women with postcoital bleeding, a Pap smear with sometimes a cervical biopsy was done. Women who took antibiotics within the past 2 weeks and those with cervical malignancy were excluded.
Informed consent was obtained from each woman with cervico-vaginitis. As soon as the cervico-vaginal swab arrived in the bacteriology department, a wet mount examination was done in each case to look for Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida spp. under the binocular microscope, followed by Gram staining and finally culture on special media for the identification of special germs. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was cultured in a chocolate and vancomycin, colistin, nystatin containing medium, Staphylococcus aureus in Chapman medium, and Streptococcus on blood agar. The diagnosis of Gardnerella vaginalis was made by the presence of clue cells at Gram staining and by a fishy ammoniacal smell after adding a few drops of 10% potassium hydroxide to the specimen.
Genital tract mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum) were cultured in a Mycoplasma/Cultivation/Identification/Enumeration/Susceptibility Test kit (Freeze-Dried) (Encode). The test was positive if there were ≥104 colony-forming units/ml. Positive culture plates for mycoplasmas are shown in [Figure 1]. Direct immunofluorescence techniques were used for the identification under fluorescent microscope of Chlamydia trachomatis. Positive and negative test results for C. trachomatis are shown in [Figure 2]. | Figure 1: Positive test results for genital mycoplasmas; (a) test positive for Ureaplasma urealyticum and negative for Mycoplasma hominis, (b) test positive for both germs. The sensitivity to various antibiotics can also be observed
Click here to view |
 | Figure 2: Positive (a and b) and negative (c) direct immunofluorescence test results
Click here to view |
For each case confirmed, the variables recorded by the principal investigator on a pre-established questionnaire were maternal age, occupation, educational level, marital status, number of current sexual partners (within the last 2 months), clinical presentation on admission, and microorganism(s) identified. In our study, we wanted to know the sociodemographic profile and clinical presentation of women diagnosed with cervico-vaginitis, as well as the microorganisms isolated.
The necessary sample size was calculated as needing a minimum of 55 women. This study received approval from the national ethics committee. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0, (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). The results are presented as mean ± standard deviation for quantitative data and frequencies for qualitative data.
Footnote
The sample size was calculated from the following formula for descriptive studies: N = P (1 − P) Zα2/D2 where Zα =1.96 corresponds to a confidence level of 0.05, D = 0.08 is the degree of precision, and assuming that the prevalence of cervico-vaginitis (P) might be around 10% in Yaoundé.
| Results | | |
We had a total of 92 patients with acute cervico-vaginitis out of 767 women who consulted for gynecologic problems giving a hospital-based prevalence of 12%. A total of 36 women were excluded (31 took antibiotics within the last 2 weeks while five presented with cervical malignancy). The 56 remaining women were subsequently involved in the study.
Maternal ages ranged from 15 to 42 years, with a mean of 25.5 ± 5.6 years. [Table 1] shows the distribution of maternal age. Concerning marital status, 37 women (66%) were single as against 19 (34%) married women.
Regarding occupation, students were more represented (23 or 41.1%), followed by homemakers (14 or 25%), then women working in the informal sector (11 or 19.6%). Civil servants and jobless women represented 8.9% and 5.3%, respectively (5 and 3 women, respectively).
Analysis of educational level showed that 31 women (55.4%) reached secondary school, 11 (19.6%) have been to university, while 14 (25%) had primary school education.
Concerning the number of current sexual partners, 30.4% (17 women) had one sexual partner only while 44.6% (25 women) had two, 17.9% (10 women) three, and 7.1% (4 women) four partners or more.
The clinical presentation on admission revealed offensive vaginal discharges in 23 women (41.1%), nonoffensive in 26 women (46.4%), and purulent in seven women (12.5%). In eight women (13.6%), there was postcoital bleeding that was attributed to cervicitis.
Among the 56 women, laboratory tests isolated two or more microorganisms in 44 women (78.6%) and one microorganism in 12 women (11.4%). Among the latter, 7/12 (58.3%) women had genital tract mycoplasmas, two (16.7%) women had C. trachomatis, and two (16.7%) T. vaginalis, while N. gonorrhoeae was observed in one woman only (8.3%). The results revealed that, among all women, genital tract mycoplasmas were the most encountered microorganisms (67.9%) [Table 2]. Regarding polymicrobial infections (≥2 germs isolated), the association Mycoplasma and Chlamydia were usually encountered (18 cases/44 or 40.9%) followed by mycoplasmas and G. vaginalis (six cases/44 or 13.6%). G. vaginalis, S. aureus, and Streptococcus sp., when isolated, were found in association with other microorganisms.
| Discussion | | |
Our prevalence of cervico-vaginitis in women consulting for gynecological problems (12%) was lower than that of 24.9% observed in Peru among female sex workers.[4] Our incidence might even be higher than what was found, given that not all women go to hospitals when they are sick.[3] This low rate in our series might be explained also by the fact that our women came from the general population and not from female sex workers as was the case in the study in Peru.[4] Nevertheless, some women in our study have to depend on their partner(s), given the high rate of poverty in our country. That might be a reason for which the majority of them (69.6%) had ≥2 sexual partners.
The mean maternal age observed in our series (25.5 years) was slightly higher than that of 22.2 years observed in Croatia.[11] The age group between 20 and 29 years was more represented in our series (66%), certainly because this consisted of students, who were more affected by cervico-vaginitis (41.1%).
Cervico-vaginitis was more encountered among single women (58.6%). Single women are more predisposed to have many sexual partners, especially if they have little or no income. This is contrary to what was observed in Iran where married homemakers were more infected with T. vaginalis.[13]
The majority of patients in our series had secondary school education (55.4%), in contrast with the results of other authors in Iran where 58.3% of women had primary school education.[13] This can be explained in our study by the fact that students were more represented.
The most frequent clinical presentation (46.4% with nonoffensive vaginal discharge) shows that cervico-vaginitis might almost go unnoticed, as already found in Iran by some authors.[14] Therefore, women with no or only few symptoms should also be screened for sexually transmissible infections.
In our series, the microorganisms responsible for acute cervico-vaginitis were frequently sexually transmissible with the most frequent being genital tract mycoplasmas (67.9%), in contrast with other series in Palestine and Croatia where the most frequent microorganism was C. trachomatis.[11] In our study, the differentiation between genital mycoplasmas and C. trachomatis was easy given that different techniques were used to identify them. Genital tract mycoplasmas were thought not to be pathologic, but recent studies found that they can be responsible for urethritis in men and cervico-vaginitis, proctitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease in women.[7],[8] In our settings, many women with cervicitis and their partners with urethritis observe the disappearance of their complaints when genital mycoplasmas are identified and treated. This shows that screening for genital mycoplasmas should be as frequent as screening for Chlamydia since some negative cases for chlamydia might be positive for genital tract mycoplasmas. Diagnostic kits for genital tract mycoplasmas should be made available in developing countries.
In our series, there were usually two or more microorganisms found (78.6%). This shows that laboratory tests should be carried out to identify the various microorganisms responsible, contrary to the syndromic approach that requires treatment according to symptoms in developing countries.[15]
Prompt and correct treatment should be carried out even among less symptomatic women to prevent the known possible complications of cervico-vaginitis, since Italian studies showed that infection can be asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic.[14]
Some limitations of our study are that we could not verify the veracity of some answers given by women. For instance, the women might not have mentioned the correct number of their sexual partners. Moreover, our percentages might have changed if some women were not excluded, especially those who took antibiotics within the past 2 weeks. Finally, we could not diagnose Mycoplasma genitalium in our environment given that its diagnostic tests are very expensive.
| Conclusion | | |
This study showed that cervico-vaginitis is very common in our environment, especially among young single women with multiple sexual partners. The most common microorganisms responsible were genital tract mycoplasmas whose screening should be the first to be requested to women with cervico-vaginitis.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Edwards T, Burke P, Smalley H, Hobbs G. Trichomonas vaginalis: Clinical relevance, pathogenicity and diagnosis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016;42:406-17.  |
| 2. | Taylor SN, Lensing S, Schwebke J, Lillis R, Mena LA, Nelson AL, et al. Prevalence and treatment outcome of cervicitis of unknown etiology. Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:379-85. |
| 3. | Puckree T, Mkhize M, Mgobhozi Z, Lin J. African traditional healers: What health care professionals need to know. Int J Rehabil Res 2002;25:247-51. |
| 4. | Pollett S, Calderon M, Heitzinger K, Solari V, Montano SM, Zunt J. Prevalence and predictors of cervicitis in female sex workers in Peru: An observational study. BMC Infect Dis 2013;13:195. |
| 5. | Zhu X, Zhang W, Fei J, Zhou J. Cervical syphilitic lesions mimicking cervical cancer: A rare case report. Int J Infect Dis 2015;31:1-3. |
| 6. | Abou M, Dällenbach P. Cervico-vaginitis and vulvovaginitis may be associated with Cytomegalovirus. BMJ Case Rep 2013;2013. pii: bcr2013008884. |
| 7. | Dehon PM, McGowin CL. Mycoplasma genitalium infection is associated with microscopic signs of cervical inflammation in liquid cytology specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2014;52:2398-405. |
| 8. | Horner P, Blee K, Adams E. Time to manage Mycoplasma genitalium as an STI: But not with azithromycin 1g! Curr Opin Infect Dis 2014;27:68-74. |
| 9. | Tarney CM, Han J. Postcoital bleeding: A review on etiology, diagnosis, and management. Obstet Gynecol Int 2014;2014:1-8.. |
| 10. | Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Meyn LA, Amortegui AJ, Sweet RL. Subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. Obstet Gynecol 2012;120:37-43. |
| 11. | Ujević B, Habek JC, Habek D. Prevalence of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis in acute mucopurulent cervicitis. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2009;60:197-203. |
| 12. | Abrao MS, Muzii L, Marana R. Anatomical causes of female infertility and their management. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2013;123 Suppl 2:S18-24. |
| 13. | Arbabi M, Fakhrieh Z, Delavari M, Abdoli A. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in Kashan city, Iran (2012-2013). Iran J Reprod Med 2014;12:507-12. |
| 14. | Latino MA, Lanza A, Bello L, Leotta E, Peretto M, Spagnolo E, et al. Cervico-vaginal infections. Study of a population in the Turin area. Minerva Ginecol 2002;54:309-16. |
| 15. | Arzouni JP, Bouilloux JP, de Moüy D, Bicart-See A, Charbit C, Doeschler T, et al. Genital infections in women, in community practice. Comparison of two studies, 1987 and 2002. Med Mal Infect 2004;34:92-6. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
[Table 1], [Table 2]
|
